The oldest known lock dates back to around 4,000 years ago and was discovered in the ruins of the ancient city of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria. This lock is an example of a pin lock, one of the earliest locking mechanisms.
The pin lock worked on a simple yet effective principle. It consisted of a wooden post affixed to a door, and a horizontal bolt that slid into the post. The bolt had several openings filled with pins. When the bolt was pushed into the post, the pins dropped by gravity into holes in the bolt. The only way to move the bolt and open the door was to insert a large wooden key, which had pegs that matched the holes and pins in the bolt. When inserted, the key lifted the pins out of the holes, allowing the bolt to be withdrawn and the door to be opened.
This early form of a lock demonstrates a significant advancement in security technology for its time. The concept of pins falling into place and being lifted by a corresponding key is a fundamental mechanism that persists in modern pin tumbler locks, although today’s versions are significantly more sophisticated.
The craft of locksmithing
The periods and techniques for making keys and locks span across a wide range of history, and it’s important to contextualise them:
Ancient Times (Before 500 AD):
In ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, key and lock making was already a practised craft. The Egyptians, for instance, developed basic locks and keys as far back as 2000 BC. These early keys were often made of wood and simple metals.
Medieval Period (500 AD – 1500 AD):
During the medieval era, especially from the 8th century onwards, metalworking skills improved significantly. Iron became the primary material for key and lock production. Blacksmiths in this period were adept at forging metal, making more durable and complex keys and locks.
Renaissance to Industrial Revolution (1500 AD – 1800 AD):
The Renaissance saw a surge in artistic and technical skills, including metalworking. This period, extending into the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, saw more intricate key designs and the introduction of more sophisticated locking mechanisms. Both forging and casting were used, depending on the complexity and intended use of the key.
Industrial Revolution Onwards (1800 AD – Present):
The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production techniques, including advanced casting methods. This era marked a significant shift in how keys and locks were produced, moving from primarily handcrafted items to mass-produced goods.
Each of these periods reflects different levels of technological advancement and cultural priorities in metalworking, impacting how keys were made. The transition from hand-forged keys to cast and eventually machine-manufactured keys mirrors broader industrial and technological developments.
The status of the locksmith
The status of locksmiths in historical societies varied depending on the culture, era, and region, but generally, they were held in high regard due to the importance and skill of their work. Here are some key points illustrating their status:
Skill and Craftsmanship:
Locksmithing required a high degree of skill and craftsmanship, particularly in an era when all work was done by hand. The ability to create intricate locks and keys was often seen as a valuable and respected craft.
Importance of Security:
As guardians of security, locksmiths played a crucial role in protecting valuables and ensuring the safety of homes and important buildings. This responsibility often bestowed a level of respect and importance upon them.
Patronage and Employment:
In some societies, particularly during medieval times, locksmiths might have been employed by the nobility or royalty. Serving a high-profile or aristocratic clientele could elevate their status significantly.
Guilds and Organizations:
In many European cities during the medieval and Renaissance periods, locksmiths, like other craftsmen, were organized into guilds. These guilds not only regulated the trade but also enhanced the social and economic status of their members.
Variations by Region and Era:
The status of locksmiths could vary widely. In some periods or regions, they might be seen more as artisans, with a status similar to other skilled tradespeople. In others, particularly where their skills were rare or in high demand, they could enjoy a higher status.
Mystique and Secrecy:
The knowledge of lock-making and the intricacies of lock mechanisms were often closely guarded secrets. This mystique around their craft could also add to their respect and status.
In summary, while the exact social standing of locksmiths varied, they were generally regarded with respect due to the specialized nature of their craft and the importance of security in any society. They were not typically viewed as servants, but rather as skilled artisans or craftsmen.
The Guilds
There were several known guilds of locksmiths throughout history, particularly in Europe during the medieval and Renaissance periods. Guilds were organizations that regulated trades and crafts, ensuring quality, setting standards, and often providing training and support to their members. Here are a few notable examples:
The Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths in England:
This is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London, dating back to the 14th century. Although primarily associated with blacksmiths, the company also encompassed locksmiths, as the crafts were closely related in terms of skills and techniques.
Les Serruriers de Saint Éloi in France:
Named after the patron saint of metalworkers, Saint Éloi (or Eligius), this guild was established in Paris. It represented various metalworkers, including locksmiths. Guilds like this were common in major European cities.
German Locksmiths’ Guilds:
German cities, known for their meticulous craftsmanship, had locksmith guilds that were part of larger associations of metalworkers. These guilds were often influential in setting standards for craftsmanship and training apprentices.
The Guild of Master Locksmiths:
Although a more modern organization, it continues the tradition of locksmith guilds in ensuring quality and standards within the profession.
Guilds played a crucial role in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, controlling much of the economic and production activity in European towns and cities. They set standards for quality, provided training for apprentices, and sometimes even influenced local politics. Locksmiths, like other craftsmen, benefited from the structure and support provided by these guilds, which helped to maintain high standards in their trade and offered a sense of community and identity for their members.
In conclusion
The ancient craft of locksmithing and keymaking, dating back thousands of years, has evolved dramatically from its early roots in civilizations like Assyria and Rome to the sophisticated security technologies of today. Initially, locksmiths combined artistry and rudimentary metallurgy to create simple yet effective locking mechanisms, often working as both keymakers and lock builders. Through the medieval and Renaissance periods, their skills grew more refined, and the introduction of guilds elevated the trade, ensuring the transmission of intricate craftsmanship and secure locking principles. The Industrial Revolution marked a turning point, introducing mass production and increasingly complex lock designs, which paved the way for today’s high-tech security systems. Modern locksmiths now work with a blend of traditional skills and advanced technology, from precision-cut metal keys to digital encryption and biometric locks. This enduring craft, balancing the dual demands of security and accessibility, remains a testament to human ingenuity and the persistent importance of safeguarding our possessions and spaces throughout the ages.